NARRATED BY
Joe Morton
WRITTEN, DIRECTED AND PRODUCED BY
Sarah Holt
CO-PRODUCER
Julie Crawford
EDITED BY
Jaro Savol
NARRATED BY
Joe Morton
DIRECTORS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Stephen McCarthy
Rob Lyall
ASSOCIATE PRODUCER
Jaro Savol
PRODUCTION MANAGER
Gitanjali Rege
MUSIC BY
Sheldon Mirowitz
ANIMATION
Ekin Akalin
SOUND RECORDISTS
Stephen Schmidt
Adriano Bravo
Mark Mandler
Aaron S. Webster
Jordon Sy
Charles Hitchcock
Steve Bores
ADDITIONAL CAMERA
Nikki Bramley
Jaro Savol
ASSISTANT CAMERA
Ben Luden
Kevin Rigney
GRIPS & GAFFERS
Gregory Brutus
Francisco Mejia
Zechariah Towner
Matthew Burgess
ADDITIONAL MUSIC
Andreas Bjørck
ADDITIONAL EDITING
Bill Lattanzi
ONLINE EDITOR AND COLORIST
Jim Ferguson
AUDIO MIX
Heart Punch Studio
SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS
Emily Einstein
John Aldis
Wegdan Rashad
Gerardo Gonzalez
Elizabeth Eugenia Steinberg
CREATIVE CONSULTANT
Greg O’Brien
FIXERS
Troy Schreiber
Robin Nielson
PRODUCTION ASSISTANTS
Sarah Wilson
Brianna K. Lawrence
Harrison M. Beck
Ian Caliendo
Alexander Nutu
Zach Miller
Janice Tabin
Nicholas Nutu
ANIMATION SUPPORT PROVIDED BY
HHMI Tangled Bank Studios
ARCHIVAL MATERIAL
Pond5
Getty Images
Shutterstock
HHMI Tangled Bank Studios
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
TimeLapse Digital
Stefan Maxwell
Jon Matthews
Shay Phillips
Andreas Psaltis
SPECIAL THANKS
Birth to Three Program
The Crosstown Clinic
PHS Community Services, Vancouver
Molson Overdose Prevention Site
Michael Botticelli
National Safety Council
Sarah Wakeman
Christy Sutherland
Scott MacDonald
Cindy Chamberland
Amber Fuller
Ashley Elswick
Sherry Cummins
Cassie Leonard
Mark Cody Smith
Keith Humphreys
Nelly Alia-Klein
Muhammad Parvaz
Anna Zilverstand
Tom Maloney
Pias Malaker
Anita Kalaj
Lazar Fleysher
Chris Cannistraci
Thaddeus Beal
Bayhealth Hospital, Kent Campus
Nelly Alia-Klein
Muhammad Parvaz
Anna Zilverstand
Tom Maloney
Pias Malaker
Anita Kalaj
Lazar Fleysher
Chris Cannistraci
NOVA Series Graphics
yU + co.
NOVA Theme Music
Walter Werzowa
John Luker
Musikvergnuegen, Inc.
Additional NOVA Theme Music
Ray Loring
Rob Morsberger
CLOSED CAPTIONING
The Caption Center
DIGITAL PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Ana Aceves
DIGITAL ASSOCIATE PRODUCERS
Arlo Perez
DIGITAL MANAGING PRODUCER
Kristine Allington
SENIOR DIGITAL PRODUCER
Ari Daniel
AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT EDITOR
Sukee Bennett
DIGITAL EDITOR
Allison Eck
EDUCATION AND OUTREACH MANAGER
Ralph Bouquet
OUTREACH COORDINATOR
Gina Varamo
DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL AUDIENCE RESEARCH
Cory Allen
PUBLICITY
Eileen Campion
Eddie Ward
DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC RELATIONS
Jennifer Welsh
DIRECTOR OF AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT
Dante Graves
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Angelica Coleman
PRODUCTION COORDINATOR
Linda Callahan
BUSINESS MANAGER
Ariam McCrary
PARALEGAL
Sarah Erlandson
TALENT RELATIONS
Janice Flood
LEGAL COUNSEL
Susan Rosen
RIGHTS MANAGER
Lauren Miller
ASSOCIATE RESEARCHERS
Brian Kantor
Robin Kazmier
POST PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Jay Colamaria
SENIOR PROMOTIONS PRODUCER AND EDITOR
Michael H. Amundson
SUPERVISING PRODUCER
Kevin Young
BROADCAST MANAGER
Nathan Gunner
SCIENCE EDITOR
Caitlin Saks
DEVELOPMENT PRODUCER
David Condon
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Pamela Rosenstein
COORDINATING PRODUCER
Elizabeth Benjes
SENIOR SCIENCE EDITOR
Evan Hadingham
SENIOR PRODUCER
Chris Schmidt
SENIOR SERIES PRODUCER
Melanie Wallace
DIRECTOR, BUSINESS OPERATIONS & FINANCE
Laurie Cahalane
DEPUTY EXECUTIVE PRODUCER
Julia Cort
SENIOR EXECUTIVE PRODUCER
Paula S. Apsell
A NOVA Production by Holt Productions LLC for WGBH Boston
© 2018 WGBH Educational Foundation
All rights reserved
This program was produced by WGBH, which is solely responsible for its content. Some funders of NOVA also fund basic science research. Experts featured in this film may have received support from funders of this program.
Original funding for this program was provided by Draper, Fidelity, the David H. Koch Fund for Science, Marjie and Robert Kargman, the George D. Smith Fund and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.