Workplace carcinogens
16 cancer-causing agents found in Canadian workplaces
CBC News
Last Updated: March 20, 2012
Much is still unknown about carcinogens and the amount of exposure necessary to cause cancer, and it will take decades to draw the direct links.
While international researchers continue to probe the causes of cancer, a B.C.-based research initiative, CAREX Canada, is cataloguing Canadians’ exposure to carcinogens while on the job, a little-studied area.
Below is an index of 16 known carcinogens that CAREX found are present in Canadian workplaces. The graph, based on CAREX data, illustrates the number of workers potentially in contact with the cancer-causing agent. Each listed substance has been deemed a known carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Canadian workers potentially exposed
- Arsenic 25,000
- Asbestos 152,000
- Benzene (also known as benzol) 297000
- Beryllium 3,900
- 1,3-Butadiene 4,000
- Cadmium 35,000
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide 16,470
- Chromium (hexavalent) 83,000
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches 7,100
- Crystalline silica 349,000
- Ethylene Oxide 2,400
- Formaldehyde 41,600
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements 37,110
- Nickel and its compounds 50,000
- UV radiation, artificial 207000
- Wood dust 293,000
Click the graph or select from the dropdown menu for further details.
Expand the chart
Arsenic
What is it?
A natural element often found as a white or colourless powder that is tasteless and odourless.
Where it's found:
- Trace amounts found in all living matter.
- Enters water or soil naturally during erosion of arsenic-containing rocks.
- Used in manufacturing batteries, ammunition, hardening copper and glassmaking.
- Most common use for it in Canada is chromated copper arsenate (CCA), a widely used wood preservative that also contains the carcinogen hexavalent chromium.
Occupations at risk
Largest groups potentially exposed are machinists and machining tool workers, followed by industrial mechanics, glaziers and welders. Other jobs include miners, copper/lead smelters, wood preservation industries, boilermakers, sandblasters and auto-body workers.
Environmental exposure
People are primarily exposed via food or drinking water, followed by living near a natural geological source or site of contamination.
Associated cancers
Lung and skin cancer
Other health effects
Discolouration/thickening of skin on hands and feet; nausea; diarrhea; vomiting; numbness in hands and feet; damage to peripheral nervous system nerves; respiratory damage; kidney damage; cardiovascular damage.
Workplace Exposure limits
Regulations exist across Canada to minimize workers’ contact with this carcinogen. Levels vary by province or territory. Federal regulations apply to about 10 per cent of the workforce, including such sectors as banks, air, rail and telecommunications. More information
(Debra Reid/AP)
Exposure by province
- Alberta 3400
- British Columbia 3800
- Manitoba 900
- New Brunswick 700
- Newfoundland and Labrador 400
- Nova Scotia 600
- Ontario 8100
- Prince Edward Island 100
- Quebec 6000
- Saskatchewan 1000
- Northwest Territories 100
- Nunavut 100
- Yukon 100
Exposure by industry
- Construction industries *12,900
- Non-ferrous metal (except aluminium) production and processing 1,000
- Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing 900
- Oil and gas extraction 800
- Metal ore mining 800
- Water, sewage and other systems 600
- Glass and glass product manufacturing 500
- Electronic component manufacturing 500
- Basic chemical manufacturing 400
- Other fabricated metal products manufacturing 300
- Other 6,100
* This figure relates only to workers in contact with CCA, an arsenic-containing wood preservative often used in outside structures.
Other resources
Asbestos
What is it?
A group of naturally occurring minerals composed of heat-resistant fibres.
Where it's found:
- Naturally occurs in rock formations.
- The most commonly used form is chrysotile.
- No Canadian mines currently produce asbestos. Efforts are underway to reopen the Jeffrey Mine in Asbestos, Que.
- Some manufacturers use asbestos for auto parts such as brakes, gaskets, friction products and industrial textiles and safety clothing.
Occupations at risk
Asbestos miners; brake repair mechanics; building demolition or maintenance workers; carpenters; cabinetmakers; construction workers; electricians; plumbers; plaster and drywall installers; auto mechanics. Buildings such as schools, hospitals and offices constructed before 1980 may contain asbestos insulation.
Environmental exposure
Negligible amounts of asbestos are found in the soil, water and air. Higher than average amounts are found in air near asbestos mines, waste sites containing asbestos or asbestos-related industrial sites. It is presently used in asphalt in Quebec.
Associated cancers
Lung, larynx and ovary cancer and mesothelioma (rare, extremely fatal cancer of the lining of the lung or abdominal cavity)
Other health effects
Asbestosis (scarring of the lungs making breathing difficult).
Workplace Exposure limits
Regulations exist across Canada to minimize workers’ contact with this carcinogen. Levels vary by province or territory. Federal regulations apply to about 10 per cent of the workforce, including such sectors as banks, air, rail and telecommunications. More information
(Jacques Boissinot/CP)
Exposure by province
- Alberta 22000
- British Columbia 26000
- Manitoba 4800
- New Brunswick 3800
- Newfoundland and Labrador 3200
- Nova Scotia 5400
- Ontario 52000
- Prince Edward Island 800
- Quebec 28000
- Saskatchewan 4200
- Northwest Territories 200
- Nunavut 100
- Yukon 200
Exposure by industry
- Specialty trade contractors 82,000
- Building construction 52,000
- Automotive repair and maintenance 4,300
- Ship and boat building 4,200
- Remediation & other waste management 1,700
- Architectural, engineering & related services 1,100
- Pulp, paper & paperboard mills 1,000
- Management, scientific & consulting services 600
- Deep sea, coastal, great lakes water transport 500
- Other 4,600
Other resources
Benzene
What is it?
Highly flammable, organic chemical compound that is a colourless liquid with a sweet aroma.
Where it's found:
- Both naturally occurring and manufactured.
- Natural sources include volcanoes and forest fires.
- Used to make some types of rubber, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs and pesticides.
Occupations at risk
Taxi drivers, truckers, couriers, auto shop workers (due to lengthy exposure to vehicle exhaust or traffic congestion); those dealing with petrochemicals such as gas-station employees or oil-refinery workers; firefighters; lab technicians; workers involved in making coal or coke chemicals, rubber tires, steel and plastics.
Environmental exposure
Tobacco smoke is largest source of direct exposure, but it can also come from vehicle exhaust, and factory emissions. Volcanic eruptions, forest fires and natural seepage of petroleum from underground deposits also create environmental exposure. Benzene is also in foods containing benzoate salts (commonly used as preservatives) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C), as well as in beverages such as liquor, bottled water and soft drinks.
Associated cancers
Lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers, such as leukemia
Other health effects
Inhaling can adversely affect the immune, lymph and nervous systems; short-term symptoms may be drowsiness, dizziness, headaches and unconsciousness; long-term exposure can cause anaemia, nerve disorders and memory loss; causes skin irritation.
Workplace Exposure limits
Regulations exist across Canada to minimize workers’ contact with this carcinogen. Levels vary by province or territory. Federal regulations apply to about 10 per cent of the workforce, including such sectors as banks, air, rail and telecommunications. More information.
(Srdjan Ilic/AP)
Exposure by province
- Alberta 38000
- British Columbia 34000
- Manitoba 11000
- New Brunswick 6800
- Newfoundland and Labrador 3800
- Nova Scotia 7500
- Ontario 112000
- Prince Edward Island 1100
- Quebec 72000
- Saskatchewan 97000
- Northwest Territories 500
- Nunavut 300
- Yukon 300
Exposure by industry
- Auto repair 60,000
- Taxi & limo service 37,500
- Motor vehicle dealers 29,200
- Public administration 27,400
- Truck transportation 16,400
- Oil & gas extraction 8,200
- Couriers 8,200
- Gasoline stations 5,100
- Plastic product mfr. 5,000
- School & employee bus transport 2,900
- Foundries 2,500
- Limited-service eating places 2,500
- Other 92,000
Other resources
Beryllium
What is it?
A silver-grey coloured metallic element
Where it's found:
- Naturally occurs at low concentrations in the earth’s crust.
- Found in northern B.C., southern Yukon and the Northwest Territories.
- Used in aircraft/satellite structures, spacecraft instruments, nuclear weapons, mirrors and computer/audio components.
- Used in cars, computers, sports equipment (especially bike frames) and dental bridges.
Occupations at risk
Beryllium mining workers; beryllium alloy production workers; metal products manufacturing; nuclear reactor operation; electronic equipment production; welders; grinders; sandblasters; machinists; dental workers; jewellers; construction workers, electricians.
Environmental exposure
People may generally be exposed to beryllium through burning of coal and fuel oil.
Associated cancers
Lung cancer
Other health effects
Acute beryllium disease (resembles pneumonia); chronic beryllium disease (inflammatory lung disease that causes fibrosis); skin contact can lead to allergic response
Workplace Exposure limits
Regulations exist across Canada to minimize workers’ contact with this carcinogen. Levels vary by province or territory. Federal regulations apply to about 10 per cent of the workforce, including such sectors as banks, air, rail and telecommunications. More information.
(Marvin Fong/AP)
Exposure by province
- Alberta 500
- British Columbia 500
- Manitoba 100
- New Brunswick 100
- Newfoundland and Labrador 50
- Nova Scotia 100
- Ontario 1600
- Prince Edward Island 50
- Quebec 800
- Saskatchewan 100
- Northwest Territories 50
- Nunavut 50
- Yukon 50
Exposure by industry
- Building equipment contractors 500
- Medical equipment & supplies mfr 500
- Residential building construction 400
- Motor vehicle parts manufacture 300
- Automotive repair and maintenance 300
- Non-residential building construction 200
- Commercial/industrial machinery repair & maintenance 200
- Architectural & structural metals mfr 100
- Other 1,400
Other resources
1,3-Butadiene
What is it?
A non-corrosive, colourless gas that smells like gasoline.
Where it's found:
- Natural byproduct from combustion of organic matter.
- Commercially produced to be used in the chemical polymer industry.
- Used in coated paper, tires, vehicle parts, rubbers, chewing gum, certain types of flooring, adhesives, latex, resins, coatings, paints.
Occupations at risk
Largest exposed occupational groups are rubber and plastic processing machine operators. Others include those in oil/gas extraction, road and bridge construction and manufacturing of chemicals, petroleum or coal, motor vehicle parts, synthetic rubber or resin.
Environmental exposure
Beyond the workplace, people can come into contact with 1,3-butadiene from cigarette smoke, cooking that involves heating some oils (Chinese rapeseed, peanut, soybean and canola), wood burning and natural gas heating. Vehicles emit the substance, though newer cars with catalytic converters emit less.
Associated cancers
Leukemia and cancer of the haemolymphatic (blood and lymph) organs
Other health effects
Cardiovascular effects; respiratory effects; sensory irritation; central nervous system damage; frostbite and skin irritation (from contact with liquid 1,3-Butadiene)
Workplace Exposure limits
Regulations exist across Canada to minimize workers’ contact with this carcinogen. Levels vary by province or territory. Federal regulations apply to about 10 per cent of the workforce, including such sectors as banks, air, rail and telecommunications. More information
(Billy Weeks/Reuters)
Exposure by province
- Alberta 700
- British Columbia 300
- Manitoba 100
- New Brunswick 100
- Newfoundland and Labrador 100
- Nova Scotia 200
- Ontario 1700
- Prince Edward Island 50
- Quebec 900
- Saskatchewan 100
- Northwest Territories 50
- Nunavut 50
- Yukon 50
Exposure by industry
- Rubber product manufacturing 500
- Basic chemical manufacturing 500
- Plastic product manufacturing 400
- Oil and gas extraction 400
- Resin, synthetic rubber and artificial and synthetic fibres and filaments manufacturing 400
- Petroleum and coal products manufacturing 300
- Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 100
- Highway, street and bridge construction 200
- Recyclable material wholesalers/distributors 200
- Other 900
Other resources
Cadmium
What is it?
A silver-white or blue metal usually found in mineral deposits.
Where it's found:
- Occurs in zinc deposits.
- Produced as a byproduct of mining lead, zinc and copper.
- Mostly used in battery production.
- Also used as pigments in plastics and coatings for electronics, steel and aluminum to prevent corrosion.
Occupations at risk
Largest exposed occupational group is welders. Plastic processing machine operators and foundry workers also exposed.
Environmental exposure
- Naturally via erosion of cadmium-containing rocks; forest fires and volcanic eruptions also contribute.
- Consuming contaminated food and water, ingestion of contaminated dust and/or inhaling contaminated air or cigarette smoke.
Associated cancers
Lung cancer
Other health effects
Severe lung damage; kidney disease; kidney damage; bone effects
Workplace Exposure limits
Regulations exist across Canada to minimize workers’ contact with this carcinogen. Levels vary by province or territory. Federal regulations apply to about 10 per cent of the workforce, including such sectors as banks, air, rail and telecommunications. More information
(John Rieti/CBC)
Exposure by province
- Alberta 3200
- British Columbia 2500
- Manitoba 1200
- New Brunswick 400
- Newfoundland and Labrador 300
- Nova Scotia 500
- Ontario 17000
- Prince Edward Island 100
- Quebec 9200
- Saskatchewan 600
- Northwest Territories 50
- Nunavut 50
- Yukon 50
Exposure by industry
- Plastic Product Manufacturing 12,000
- Foundries 4,000
- Commercial & industrial machinery mfr 2,200
- Motor vehicle parts manufacture 1,500
- Architectural & structural metal mfr. 1,100
- Non-ferrous metal (except aluminum) production and processing 1,100
- Metalworking machinery mfr. 900
- Iron & steel mills & ferro-alloy mfr. 800
- Alumina & aluminum production & processing 600
- Other electrical equipment & component manufacture 400
- Others 10,400
Other resources
Chromium (hexavalent)
What is it?
Chromium is a naturally occurring mineral that can be toxic in its hexavalent form, which is produced by industrial processes.
Where it's found:
- Used in the manufacturing of stainless steel and other alloys.
- Industrial wood preservative CCA also includes chromium hexavalent.
- In smaller amounts, used in printer ink toners, textile dyes and during water treatment.
Occupations at risk
The largest exposed occupational group is welders who encounter it while welding stainless steel. Also exposed are printing machine and press operators, machinists and pipefitters.
Environmental exposure
Trace amounts are found naturally in unpolluted environments. Most chromium is caused by human activities. It’s commonly found in indoor and outdoor air, soil, surface water and groundwater.
Associated cancers
Lung cancer
Other health effects
Nose, throat and lung irritation and damage; skin allergic reaction
Workplace Exposure limits
Regulations exist across Canada to minimize workers’ contact with this carcinogen. Levels vary by province or territory. Federal regulations apply to about 10 per cent of the workforce, including such sectors as banks, air, rail and telecommunications. More information
(Kurt Miller/AP)
Exposure by province
- Alberta 11000
- British Columbia 8500
- Manitoba 3100
- New Brunswick 1500
- Newfoundland and Labrador 1100
- Nova Scotia 1600
- Ontario 31000
- Prince Edward Island 200
- Quebec 22000
- Saskatchewan 2900
- Northwest Territories 100
- Nunavut 100
- Yukon 100
Exposure by industry
- Printing & support activities 14,000
- Architectural/structure metal mfr. 8,900
- Agricultural, construction, mining machinery mfr. 3,600
- Specialty trade contractors 3,100
- Boiler, tank, container mfr. 2,900
- Industrial machinery repair 2,800
- Auto repair 2,800
- Metalworking machinery mfr. 2,600
- Steel product mfr. 2,400
- Aluminum production 2,400
- Metal ore mining 2,000
- Coating, engraving, heat treating 1,900
- Other 34,000
Other resources
Ethylene Oxide
What is it?
A highly flammable, colourless gas with a sweet, ether-like odour.
Where it's found:
- About 95 per cent of ethylene oxide used in Canada is for making antifreeze.
- About five per cent used to manufacture surfactants for detergents or other chemicals.
- Small amounts used to sterilize medical equipment and to control bacteria or insects on stored food such as spices and nuts.
Occupations at risk
Workers most at risk are those in facilities where ethylene oxide is used as a sterilant or fumigant, such as hospitals, health care facilities and spice manufacturers. Potential exposure also exists during the production of industrial chemicals, but the substance there is often used in closed, automatic systems. Jobs potentially affected: nurses, orderlies, pharmaceutical workers, soap production, manufacturing of cleaners.
Environmental exposure
Outside of work, exposure is limited largely to inhalation. Sources may include products that have been sterilized with ethylene oxide such as foods, clothing, cosmetics and beekeeping equipment. A minor source is gasoline combustion or cigarette smoke.
Associated cancers
Strong evidence of links to lymphoid and breast cancer
Other health effects
Neurological effects such as memory loss, peripheral neuropathies (damage to a nerve or nerve group); asthmatic reactions; birth defects; miscarriage; nausea; vomiting; cataracts. Skin contact can cause blisters, burns, frostbite and dermatitis.
Workplace Exposure limits
Regulations exist across Canada to minimize workers’ contact with this carcinogen. Levels vary by province or territory. Federal regulations apply to about 10 per cent of the workforce, including such sectors as banks, air, rail and telecommunications. More information
(Dan Kitwood/Getty)
Exposure by province
- Alberta 200
- British Columbia 200
- Manitoba 100
- New Brunswick 120
- Newfoundland and Labrador 120
- Nova Scotia 120
- Ontario 900
- Prince Edward Island 120
- Quebec 700
- Saskatchewan 50
- Northwest Territories 50
- Nunavut 50
- Yukon 50
Exposure by industry
- Hospitals 1,400
- Pharmaceutical and medicine mfr. 400
- Other food mfr. 300
- Basic chemical mfr. 100
- Soap, cleaning compound and other toilet preparation mfr. 100
- Other 100
Other resources
Wood dust
What is it?
Particles of wood caused by sanding or cutting.
Where it's found:
- Anywhere wood is being chipped, turned, drilled or, in particular, sanded.
- Quebec and Ontario produce most of Canada’s hardwood and plywood, while B.C. is primarily softwood.
Occupations at risk
By far, the largest group exposed to wood dust is the construction industry. Due to B.C.’s logging industry, many of the potentially affected workers reside there. Jobs that may be affected include: furniture/cabinetry shop workers; timber mills; window/door manufacture; joinery shops; wooden boat manufacture; pulp and paper manufacture.
Environmental exposure
No evidence of increased cancer risk from non-occupational exposure to wood dust such as hobby woodworking.
Associated cancers
Cancers of the nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses (adjacent to nasal cavity) and nasopharynx (part of pharynx, behind the nose)
Other health effects
Eye irritation, nosebleeds, dermatitis, respiratory hypersensitivity, asthma, cough, wheezing, prolonged colds
Workplace Exposure limits
Regulations exist across Canada to minimize workers’ contact with this carcinogen. Levels vary by province or territory. Federal regulations apply to about 10 per cent of the workforce, including such sectors as banks, air, rail and telecommunications. More information
(Graham Hughes/CP)
Exposure by province
- Alberta 31000
- British Columbia 59000
- Manitoba 9300
- New Brunswick 11000
- Newfoundland and Labrador 5400
- Nova Scotia 10000
- Ontario 78000
- Prince Edward Island 1600
- Quebec 79000
- Saskatchewan 6900
- Northwest Territories 400
- Nunavut 200
- Yukon 500
Exposure by industry
- Building construction 104,000
- Specialty trade contractors (construction) 43,000
- Sawmills & wood preservation 39,000
- Furniture & cabinet mfr. 26,000
- Other wood product mfr. 22,000
- Veneer, plywood product mfr. 14,000
- Logging 6,500
- Administrative & support service 4,100
- Office furniture mfr. 3,900
- Heavy & civil engineering construction 2,200
- Household goods repair 2,100
- Educational services 2,000
- Other 24,000
Other resources
- CAREX Canada
- OSHA
- CDC
Artificial UV radiation
What is it?
Artificial UV radiation comes from sources such as lamps and sunbeds.
Where it's found:
- UV-emitting tanning devices are classified as a known carcinogen. Other human carcinogenic connections to artificial UV radiation are not proven.
- Other uses of UV radiation include electric welding, medical and dental practices, curing lamps to dry paints and resins, and lamps used to sterilize hospital materials.
Occupations at risk
UV-emitting tanning beds are deemed a known carcinogen but the risks of other exposures to artificial UV radiation are still unknown. The international Agency for Research on Cancer plans to review the risks to welders. Largest group potentially exposed are dental offices where UVR is used for cavity restoration, fissure sealing, etc., and commercial/industrial machinery repair and fabricated metal products manufacture (which includes welders). Tanning salon workers may also be affected due to UVR being used in the curing of fingernail gels.
Environmental exposure
Most non-workers are exposed to artificial UV via fake tanning.
Associated cancers
Skin (melanoma)
Other health effects
Brief exposure: skin damage such as burning, fragility and scarring. Long-term exposure: may break down collagen and decrease skin elasticity
Workplace Exposure limits
The Canada Labour Code sets out artificial UV exposure limit at different values, depending on the wavelengths. The federal regulations are in effect for all provinces and territories. More information
(Peter Andrews/Reuters)
Exposure by province
- Alberta 33000
- British Columbia 25000
- Manitoba 7300
- New Brunswick 4100
- Newfoundland and Labrador 2800
- Nova Scotia 5200
- Ontario 73000
- Prince Edward Island 700
- Quebec 48000
- Saskatchewan 7400
- Northwest Territories 200
- Nunavut 200
- Yukon 50
Exposure by industry
- Offices of dentists 48,000
- Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance 22,000
- Fabricated metal product mfr. 21,000
- Hospitals 14,000
- Transportation equipment mfr. 14,000
- Personal care services 13,000
- Machinery manufacturing 12,000
- Other professional, scientific and technical services 8,100
- Automotive repair and maintenance 4,200
- Medical equipment and supplies mfr. 3,700
- Primary metal manufacturing 3,400
- Water, sewage & other systems 2,600
- Support activities for mining and oil and gas extraction 2,600
- Offices of physicians 1,900
- Other 37,000
Other resources
Nickel and its compounds
What is it?
Metallic nickel, a possible carcinogen, is a silvery, hard metal or grey powder. Nickel compounds, a known carcinogen, tend to be green to black, but yellow when heated.
Where it's found:
- Because it's hard, strong and resistant to corrosion and heat, it makes a great alloy.
- Mostly used to make stainless steel, but also appears in magnets, electrical contacts, batteries, spark plugs and surgical/dental prostheses.
Occupations at risk
Welders are the largest exposed group, followed by construction millwrights and industrial mechanics. Other important groups include plating, metal spraying, machinists and machining/tooling inspectors. Also includes nickel refinery workers; iron/steel mill workers; metal ore miners; manufacturers in structural metals, motor vehicle parts, boilers & shipping containers.
Environmental exposure
Nearly all water supplies and most foods in Canada contain small amounts of nickel. It's released by volcanoes and found naturally in soil.
Associated cancers
Lung, nasal and paranasal sinus (adjacent to nasal cavity) cancer
Other health effects
Working with nickel can cause chronic bronchitis, decreased lung function, renal problems, though it’s not clear if these effects are due solely to nickel or other substances. It can also cause skin inflammation, usually from jewellery or other products.
Workplace Exposure limits
Regulations exist across Canada to minimize workers’ contact with this carcinogen. Levels vary by province or territory. Federal regulations apply to about 10 per cent of the workforce, including such sectors as banks, air, rail and telecommunications. Maximum exposure limits also vary by type of exposure. More information
(Yusuf Ahmad/Reuters)
Exposure by province
- Alberta 7800
- British Columbia 4900
- Manitoba 1800
- New Brunswick 1100
- Newfoundland and Labrador 800
- Nova Scotia 1000
- Ontario 18000
- Prince Edward Island 100
- Quebec 12000
- Saskatchewan 1800
- Northwest Territories 100
- Nunavut 100
- Yukon 100
Exposure by industry
- Commercial & industrial machinery & equipment repair & maintenance 5,000
- Architectural, structural metals mfr 3,000
- Specialty trade contractors 2,900
- Boiler, tank & shipping container mfr 2,000
- Metal ore mining 1,800
- Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 1,700
- Machine shops, turned product, and screw, nut and bolt manufacturing 1,500
- Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities 1,500
- Iron & steel mills & ferro-alloy mfr. 1,200
- Non-ferrous metal production and processing 1,000
- Other 28,000
Other resources
Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
What is it?
Particles and rays emitted by radioactive materials, nuclear reactions and radiation-producing machines. X- and gamma-rays penetrate the skin and organs. Alpha and beta particles are dangerous when breathed or ingested.
Where it's found:
- Major sources of ionizing radiation exposure include its use in the medical industry, natural sources (such as uranium mines) and nuclear power generation
- Used in nuclear power plants and hospitals in X-rays or radiotherapy.
Occupations at risk
Those who work around X-ray machines, such as radiation technicians, nurses and others; nuclear power technicians; uranium miners; airline crews; astronauts.
Environmental exposure
Background doses come from radioactive elements in the earth's crust and from cosmic radiation. X-rays can also be a source, as can radiation from nuclear accidents.
Associated cancers
Thyroid and breast cancer and leukemia
Other health effects
Skin burns, hair loss, birth defects, cancer, mental retardation and death. Prenatal exposure may lead to miscarriage, birth defects, hereditary effects and a higher risk of later cancers.
Workplace Exposure limits
The Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission limits workers’ exposure to 50 mSv (millisieverts) in a single year and 100 mSv over five years. Pregnant workers are limited to 4 mSv for the duration of their pregnancy. More information
(Darren Calabrese/CP)
Exposure by province
- Alberta 4500
- British Columbia 2000
- Manitoba 950
- New Brunswick 1050
- Newfoundland and Labrador 340
- Nova Scotia 500
- Ontario 17550
- Prince Edward Island 50
- Quebec 7250
- Saskatchewan 2800
- Northwest Territories 50
- Nunavut 50
- Yukon 20
Exposure by industry
- Medicine 11,500
- Nuclear power 8,900
- Professional, scientific services 7,300
- Uranium mining 2,000
- Public administration 900
- Other 5,900
Other resources
Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
What is it?
Tumour growth inhibitors used as chemotherapy drugs.
Where it's found:
- In hospitals and pharmacies where tumours are treated.
Occupations at risk
Nurses; hospital laundry workers; pharmacy technicians and pharmacists who prepare chemotherapeutics for cancer patients.
Environmental exposure
No exposure to the general public outside of doses given to chemotherapy patients.
Associated cancers
Leukemia
Other health effects
Nausea; hair loss; temporary sterility; bone marrow suppression; gastrointestinal problems; hematological changes (including anemia and a lowered white blood cell count).
Workplace Exposure limits
No occupational exposure limits established in Canada or internationally.
(Katarina Stoltz/Reuters)
Exposure by province
- Alberta 1810
- British Columbia 2020
- Manitoba 750
- New Brunswick 570
- Newfoundland and Labrador 380
- Nova Scotia 580
- Ontario 5800
- Prince Edward Island 120
- Quebec 3700
- Saskatchewan 670
- Northwest Territories 90
- Nunavut Unknown
- Yukon <30
Exposure by industry
Other resources
- CAREX Canada: Chlorambucil
- CAREX Canada: Cyclophosphamide
- CAREX Canada: Melphalan
- CAREX Canada: Antineoplastic agents
- CAREX Canada: Combination of chemotherapy drugs
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention
* Numbers include two other chemotherapy drugs: adriamycin and cisplatin, two probable carcinogens.
Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
What is it?
Coal tar and coal tar pitch are typically thick black or dark-brown liquids or semisolids.
Where it's found:
- Lotions, cosmetics, ointments and pharmaceutical products.
- Shampoos used to treat skin conditions like psoriasis, eczema and dandruff.
- Synthetic dyes, denatured (industrial) alcohol, animal and bird repellents.
Occupations at risk
Roofers; pavers; road, bridge and building construction workers; glassmakers; chemical manufacturing workers; paint and adhesive manufacturing workers.
Environmental exposure
Anyone working or living near plants using coal tar or coal-tar pitches have a higher risk of environmental contamination. Soil and groundwater can be contaminated.
Associated cancers
Skin, lung and scrotal cancer
Other health effects
Skin, eye and respiratory tract irritation
Workplace Exposure limits
Regulations exist across Canada to minimize workers’ contact with this carcinogen. Levels vary by province or territory. Federal regulations apply to about 10 per cent of the workforce, including such sectors as banks, air, rail and telecommunications. More information
(CP)
Exposure by province
- Alberta 700
- British Columbia 900
- Manitoba 100
- New Brunswick 200
- Newfoundland and Labrador 100
- Nova Scotia 100
- Ontario 2100
- Prince Edward Island 50
- Quebec 2500
- Saskatchewan 200
- Northwest Territories 50
- Nunavut 50
- Yukon 50
Exposure by industry
- Alumina and aluminum production and processing 2,000
- Foundation, structure, building, exterior contractors 1,300
- Highway, street and bridge construction 1,300
- Petroleum and coal products manufacturing 600
- Building construction (residential and nonresidential) 300
- Basic chemical manufacturing 300
- Glass and glass products manufacturing 200
- Paint, coating and adhesive manufacturing 100
- Others 400
Other resources
Crystalline silica
What is it?
A basic component of soil, sand and rocks, like granite and quartzite. Only respirable quartz and cristobalite silica are designated known carcinogens.
Where it's found:
- One of the most abundant minerals on earth.
- Health issues arise when particles that can be inhaled are spread through the air during mining, cutting and drilling.
- Household cleaners, paints, glass, brick, ceramics, silicon metals in electronics, plastics, paints, abrasives in soaps can contain silica.
- Used in filtration for municipal water and sewage treatment.
Occupations at risk
Quarry workers; plasterers; drywallers; construction workers; brick workers; miners; stonecutters (including jewellery); workers involved in drilling, polishing, crushing; pottery makers; glassmakers; soap or detergent manufacturers; farmers; dentists; auto workers.
Environmental exposure
It’s not considered an environmental carcinogen. Exposure would primarily be from activity involving the movement of earth or sand stirring up airborne pollutants.
Associated cancers
Lung cancer
Other health effects
Silicosis (a scarring or inflammation of the lungs caused by inhaling silica dust), pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and autoimmune disease (rheumatoid arthritis).
Workplace Exposure limits
Regulations exist across Canada to minimize workers’ contact with this carcinogen. Levels vary by province or territory. Federal regulations apply to about 10 per cent of the workforce, including such sectors as banks, air, rail and telecommunications. More information
(Mike Cassese/Reuters)
Exposure by province
- Alberta 48000
- British Columbia 48000
- Manitoba 12000
- New Brunswick 9100
- Newfoundland and Labrador 6500
- Nova Scotia 9500
- Ontario 129000
- Prince Edward Island 1700
- Quebec 71000
- Saskatchewan 11000
- Northwest Territories 700
- Nunavut 400
- Yukon 500
Exposure by industry
- Specialty trade contractors (construction) 140,000
- Building construction 68,000
- Heavy & civil engineering construction 31,000
- Metal ore mining 9,900
- Cement & concrete product mfr. 8,800
- Support activities for road transport 7,300
- Plastic product mfr. 7,100
- Truck transportation 6,900
- Highway, street, bridge construction 6,400
- Iron & steel mills 4,900
- Glass & glass product mfr. 4,800
- Non-metallic mineral mining 4,200
- Other 50,000
Formaldehyde
What is it?
A colourless, combustible gas with a pungent odour.
Where it's found:
- Used in the manufacture of textiles, resins, wood products and plastics.
- A disinfectant and preservative found in embalming fluid and used as an antibacterial agent in soaps, shampoos, deodorants, mouthwash and cosmetics.
Occupations at risk
Those with the most exposure include embalmers, pathology lab operators, wood and paper product workers and health care professionals (nurses, dentists) exposed during use of medicinal products.
Also at risk are painters, manual labourers, product assemblers and foundry workers.
Environmental exposure
Combustion and combustion by-products from power plants, refineries, wood stoves, cigarettes, kerosene heaters and forest fires are the main source. Other sources include off-gassing from formaldehyde-containing products, such as leather tanning agents, wood products resin-treated fabrics and paper.
Associated cancers
Nasopharyngeal cancer and leukemia
Other health effects
Suspected links to childhood asthma and reproductive problems in women. Even at very low levels of exposure it irritates eyes and breathing passages.
Workplace Exposure limits
Regulations exist across Canada to minimize workers’ contact with this carcinogen. Levels vary by province or territory. Federal regulations apply to a portion of the workforce, including such sectors as banks, air, rail and telecommunications. More information
(Jeff Bassett/CP)
Exposure by province
- Alberta 3,200
- British Columbia 5,500
- Manitoba 2,600
- New Brunswick 800
- Newfoundland and Labrador 300
- Nova Scotia 800
- Ontario 16,000
- Prince Edward Island 200
- Quebec 11,000
- Saskatchewan 700
- Northwest Territories < 50
- Nunavut < 50
- Yukon < 50
Exposure by industry
- Other wood product mfr. 12,000
- Furniture & cabinet making 7,300
- Construction 2,600
- Hospitals 2,400
- Foundries 2,000
- Professional, scientific services 1,800
- Office furniture mfr. 1,600
- Veneer, plywood mfr. 800
- Metalworking machinery mfr. 800
- Furniture stores 600
- Educational services 500
- Plastic product mfr. 500
- Public administration 500
- Other 8,200
Other resources
Alberta
- Carcinogen
- Workers exposed
- Arsenic
- 3400
- Asbestos
- 22000
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- 38000
- Beryllium
- 500
- 1,3-Butadiene
- 700
- Cadmium
- 3200
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- 11000
- Ethylene Oxide
- 200
- Wood dust
- 31000
- Artificial UV radiation
- 33000
- Nickel and its compounds
- 7800
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- 4500
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- 1810
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- 700
- Crystalline silica
- 48000
British Columbia
- Carcinogen
- Workers exposed
- Arsenic
- 3800
- Asbestos
- 26000
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- 34000
- Beryllium
- 500
- 1,3-Butadiene
- 300
- Cadmium
- 2500
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- 8500
- Ethylene Oxide
- 200
- Wood dust
- 59000
- Artificial UV radiation
- 25000
- Nickel and its compounds
- 4900
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- 2000
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- 2020
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- 900
- Crystalline silica
- 48000
Manitoba
- Carcinogen
- Workers exposed
- Arsenic
- 900
- Asbestos
- 4800
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- 11000
- Beryllium
- 100
- 1,3-Butadiene
- 100
- Cadmium
- 1200
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- 3100
- Ethylene Oxide
- 100
- Wood dust
- 9300
- Artificial UV radiation
- 7300
- Nickel and its compounds
- 1800
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- 950
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- 750
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- 100
- Crystalline silica
- 12000 `
New Brunswick
- Carcinogen
- Workers exposed
- Arsenic
- 700
- Asbestos
- 3800
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- 6800
- Beryllium
- 100
- 1,3-Butadiene
- 100
- Cadmium
- 400
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- 1500
- Ethylene Oxide
- 120
- Wood dust
- 11000
- Artificial UV radiation
- 4100
- Nickel and its compounds
- 1100
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- 1050
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- 570
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- 200
- Crystalline silica
- 9100
Newfoundland and Labrador
- Carcinogen
- Workers exposed
- Arsenic
- 400
- Asbestos
- 3200
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- 3800
- Beryllium
- 50
- 1,3-Butadiene
- 100
- Cadmium
- 300
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- 1100
- Ethylene Oxide
- 120
- Wood dust
- 5400
- Artificial UV radiation
- 2800
- Nickel and its compounds
- 800
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- 340
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- 380
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- 100
- Crystalline silica
- 6500
Nova Scotia
- Carcinogen
- Workers exposed
- Arsenic
- 600
- Asbestos
- 5400
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- 7500
- Beryllium
- 100
- 1,3-Butadiene
- 200
- Cadmium
- 500
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- 1600
- Ethylene Oxide
- 120
- Wood dust
- 10000
- Artificial UV radiation
- 5200
- Nickel and its compounds
- 1000
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- 500
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- 580
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- 100
- Crystalline silica
- 9500
Ontario
- Carcinogen
- Workers exposed
- Arsenic
- 8100
- Asbestos
- 52000
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- 112000
- Beryllium
- 1600
- 1,3-Butadiene
- 1700
- Cadmium
- 17000
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- 31000
- Ethylene Oxide
- 900
- Wood dust
- 78000
- Artificial UV radiation
- 73000
- Nickel and its compounds
- 18000
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- 17550
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- 5800
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- 2100
- Crystalline silica
- 129000
Prince Edward Island
- Carcinogen
- Workers exposed
- Arsenic
- 100
- Asbestos
- 800
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- 1100
- Beryllium
- 50
- 1,3-Butadiene
- 50
- Cadmium
- 100
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- 200
- Ethylene Oxide
- 120
- Wood dust
- 1600
- Artificial UV radiation
- 700
- Nickel and its compounds
- 100
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- 50
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- 120
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- 50
- Crystalline silica
- 1700
Quebec
- Carcinogen
- Workers exposed
- Arsenic
- 6000
- Asbestos
- 28000
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- 72000
- Beryllium
- 800
- 1,3-Butadiene
- 900
- Cadmium
- 9200
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- 22000
- Ethylene Oxide
- 700
- Wood dust
- 79000
- Artificial UV radiation
- 48000
- Nickel and its compounds
- 12000
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- 7250
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- 3700
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- 2500
- Crystalline silica
- 71000
Saskatchewan
- Carcinogen
- Workers exposed
- Arsenic
- 1000
- Asbestos
- 4200
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- 97000
- Beryllium
- 100
- 1,3-Butadiene
- 100
- Cadmium
- 600
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- 2900
- Ethylene Oxide
- 50
- Wood dust
- 6900
- Artificial UV radiation
- 7400
- Nickel and its compounds
- 1800
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- 2800
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- 670
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- 200
- Crystalline silica
- 11000
Northwest Territories
- Carcinogen
- Workers exposed
- Arsenic
- 100
- Asbestos
- 200
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- 500
- Beryllium
- 50
- 1,3-Butadiene
- 50
- Cadmium
- 50
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- 100
- Ethylene Oxide
- 50
- Wood dust
- 400
- Artificial UV radiation
- 200
- Nickel and its compounds
- 100
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- 50
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- 90
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- 50
- Crystalline silica
- 700
Nunavut
- Carcinogen
- Workers exposed
- Arsenic
- 100
- Asbestos
- 100
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- 300
- Beryllium
- 50
- 1,3-Butadiene
- 50
- Cadmium
- 50
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- 100
- Ethylene Oxide
- 50
- Wood dust
- 200
- Artificial UV radiation
- 200
- Nickel and its compounds
- 100
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- 50
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Unknown
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- 50
- Crystalline silica
- 400
Yukon
- Carcinogen
- Workers exposed
- Arsenic
- 100
- Asbestos
- 200
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- 300
- Beryllium
- 50
- 1,3-Butadiene
- 50
- Cadmium
- 50
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- 100
- Ethylene Oxide
- 50
- Wood dust
- 500
- Artificial UV radiation
- 50
- Nickel and its compounds
- 100
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- 20
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- <30
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- 500Crystalline silica
- 500
Administration
- Carcinogen
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- Beryllium
- 1,3-Butadiene
- Cadmium
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Ethylene Oxide
- Wood dust
- Artificial UV radiation
- Nickel and its compounds
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- Crystalline silica
This is not a conclusive list of industries. Explore the carcinogens for more detailed descriptions of the jobs potentially affected. Numbers of workers exposed by industry could not be calculated at this time.
Agriculture
- Carcinogen
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- Beryllium
- 1,3-Butadiene
- Cadmium
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Ethylene Oxide
- Wood dust
- Artificial UV radiation
- Nickel and its compounds
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- Crystalline silica
This is not a conclusive list of industries. Explore the carcinogens for more detailed descriptions of the jobs potentially affected. Numbers of workers exposed by industry could not be calculated at this time.
Architecture
- Carcinogen
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- Beryllium
- 1,3-Butadiene
- Cadmium
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Ethylene Oxide
- Wood dust
- Artificial UV radiation
- Nickel and its compounds
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- Crystalline silica
This is not a conclusive list of industries. Explore the carcinogens for more detailed descriptions of the jobs potentially affected. Numbers of workers exposed by industry could not be calculated at this time.
Automotive
- Carcinogen
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- Beryllium
- 1,3-Butadiene
- Cadmium
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Ethylene Oxide
- Wood dust
- Artificial UV radiation
- Nickel and its compounds
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- Crystalline silica
This is not a conclusive list of industries. Explore the carcinogens for more detailed descriptions of the jobs potentially affected. Numbers of workers exposed by industry could not be calculated at this time.
Chemical manufacturing
- Carcinogen
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- Beryllium
- 1,3-Butadiene
- Cadmium
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Ethylene Oxide
- Wood dust
- Artificial UV radiation
- Nickel and its compounds
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- Crystalline silica
This is not a conclusive list of industries. Explore the carcinogens for more detailed descriptions of the jobs potentially affected. Numbers of workers exposed by industry could not be calculated at this time.
Construction
- Carcinogen
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- Beryllium
- 1,3-Butadiene
- Cadmium
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Ethylene Oxide
- Wood dust
- Artificial UV radiation
- Nickel and its compounds
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- Crystalline silica
This is not a conclusive list of industries. Explore the carcinogens for more detailed descriptions of the jobs potentially affected. Numbers of workers exposed by industry could not be calculated at this time.
Machinery manufacturing
- Carcinogen
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- Beryllium
- 1,3-Butadiene
- Cadmium
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Ethylene Oxide
- Wood dust
- Artificial UV radiation
- Nickel and its compounds
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- Crystalline silica
This is not a conclusive list of industries. Explore the carcinogens for more detailed descriptions of the jobs potentially affected. Numbers of workers exposed by industry could not be calculated at this time.
Transportation
- Carcinogen
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- Beryllium
- 1,3-Butadiene
- Cadmium
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Ethylene Oxide
- Wood dust
- Artificial UV radiation
- Nickel and its compounds
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- Crystalline silica
This is not a conclusive list of industries. Explore the carcinogens for more detailed descriptions of the jobs potentially affected. Numbers of workers exposed by industry could not be calculated at this time.
Wood product manufacturing
- Carcinogen
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- Beryllium
- 1,3-Butadiene
- Cadmium
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Ethylene Oxide
- Wood dust
- Artificial UV radiation
- Nickel and its compounds
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- Crystalline silica
This is not a conclusive list of industries. Explore the carcinogens for more detailed descriptions of the jobs potentially affected. Numbers of workers exposed by industry could not be calculated at this time.
Road/bridge construction
- Carcinogen
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- Beryllium
- 1,3-Butadiene
- Cadmium
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Ethylene Oxide
- Wood dust
- Artificial UV radiation
- Nickel and its compounds
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- Crystalline silica
This is not a conclusive list of industries. Explore the carcinogens for more detailed descriptions of the jobs potentially affected. Numbers of workers exposed by industry could not be calculated at this time.
Dentistry
- Carcinogen
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- Beryllium
- 1,3-Butadiene
- Cadmium
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Ethylene Oxide
- Wood dust
- Artificial UV radiation
- Nickel and its compounds
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- Crystalline silica
This is not a conclusive list of industries. Explore the carcinogens for more detailed descriptions of the jobs potentially affected. Numbers of workers exposed by industry could not be calculated at this time.
Medical
- Carcinogen
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- Beryllium
- 1,3-Butadiene
- Cadmium
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Ethylene Oxide
- Wood dust
- Artificial UV radiation
- Nickel and its compounds
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- Crystalline silica
This is not a conclusive list of industries. Explore the carcinogens for more detailed descriptions of the jobs potentially affected. Numbers of workers exposed by industry could not be calculated at this time.
Mining
- Carcinogen
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- Beryllium
- 1,3-Butadiene
- Cadmium
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Ethylene Oxide
- Wood dust
- Artificial UV radiation
- Nickel and its compounds
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- Crystalline silica
This is not a conclusive list of industries. Explore the carcinogens for more detailed descriptions of the jobs potentially affected. Numbers of workers exposed by industry could not be calculated at this time.
Logging
- Carcinogen
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- Beryllium
- 1,3-Butadiene
- Cadmium
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Ethylene Oxide
- Wood dust
- Artificial UV radiation
- Nickel and its compounds
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- Crystalline silica
This is not a conclusive list of industries. Explore the carcinogens for more detailed descriptions of the jobs potentially affected. Numbers of workers exposed by industry could not be calculated at this time.
Steel production
- Carcinogen
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- Beryllium
- 1,3-Butadiene
- Cadmium
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Ethylene Oxide
- Wood dust
- Artificial UV radiation
- Nickel and its compounds
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- Crystalline silica
This is not a conclusive list of industries. Explore the carcinogens for more detailed descriptions of the jobs potentially affected. Numbers of workers exposed by industry could not be calculated at this time.
Nuclear power
- Carcinogen
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- Beryllium
- 1,3-Butadiene
- Cadmium
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Ethylene Oxide
- Wood dust
- Artificial UV radiation
- Nickel and its compounds
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- Crystalline silica
This is not a conclusive list of industries. Explore the carcinogens for more detailed descriptions of the jobs potentially affected. Numbers of workers exposed by industry could not be calculated at this time.
Food industry
- Carcinogen
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- Beryllium
- 1,3-Butadiene
- Cadmium
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Ethylene Oxide
- Wood dust
- Artificial UV radiation
- Nickel and its compounds
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- Crystalline silica
This is not a conclusive list of industries. Explore the carcinogens for more detailed descriptions of the jobs potentially affected. Numbers of workers exposed by industry could not be calculated at this time.
Rubber and plastic manufacturing
- Carcinogen
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- Beryllium
- 1,3-Butadiene
- Cadmium
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Ethylene Oxide
- Wood dust
- Artificial UV radiation
- Nickel and its compounds
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- Crystalline silica
This is not a conclusive list of industries. Explore the carcinogens for more detailed descriptions of the jobs potentially affected. Numbers of workers exposed by industry could not be calculated at this time.
Personal care services
- Carcinogen
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene (also known as benzol)
- Beryllium
- 1,3-Butadiene
- Cadmium
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Ethylene Oxide
- Wood dust
- Artificial UV radiation
- Nickel and its compounds
- Ionizing radiation and radioactive elements
- Chlorambucil / Melphalan / Cyclophosphamide
- Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitches
- Crystalline silica
This is not a conclusive list of industries. Explore the carcinogens for more detailed descriptions of the jobs potentially affected. Numbers of workers exposed by industry could not be calculated at this time.