The brain stem connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord and consists of the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and the pons. It coordinates and relays motor control signals sent between the brain and the body and controls life supporting functions of the nervous system.

• Breathing.
• Heart rate.
• Swallowing.
• Sweating, blood pressure, digestion, temperature (Autonomic nervous system).
• Alertness and sleep.
• Arousal.
• Sense of balance (Vestibular function).
• Reflexes to seeing and hearing (Startle response).