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Past Episodes: May 2010 Archives

Saturday May 29, 2010

Octopi started as Duo-pi, What's the Matter with the Universe, What's Shakin' Kermit, Termites Rule, The Eerie Silence

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Octopi started as Duo-pi

Artist's reconstruction of Nectocaris pteryx, courtesy Marianne Collins Artist's reconstruction of Nectocaris pteryx, courtesy Marianne Collins
The half-billion-year-old fossils of the Burgess Shale preserve a remarkable diversity of some of the earliest complex animals on Earth. However, some of these animals are so strange that, on first look, paleontologists can't tell front from back or which end goes up. Only after careful examination of many fossils can connections be made to their evolutionary descendants. Martin Smith, a Ph.D student in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and the Royal Ontario Museum has done so with a small soft-bodied creature, called Nectocaris pteryx, which he says is the earliest known cephalopod - the family of animals that includes squid, octopi and nautiluses. Nectocaris was up to five cm. long, had two long tentacles, fins on its side like cuttlefish or squid, and, most importantly, a tube connected to its gills for the jet-propelled emergency propulsion that's characteristic of modern cephalopods.

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Related Links 
external site - links will open in a new windowPaper in Nature
external site - links will open in a new windowNews report from Nature
external site - links will open in a new windowNews release from the Royal Ontario Museum
external site - links will open in a new windowNews release from University of Toronto
external site - links will open in a new windowPharyngula blog
external site - links will open in a new windowNot Exactly Rocket Science blog
external site - links will open in a new windowCBC News story
external site - links will open in a new windowMartin Smith's web page

What's the Matter with the Universe?

The Fermilab accelerator complex, Credit: Fermilab The Fermilab accelerator complex, Credit: Fermilab
Physicists at the Fermilab National Accelerator Laboratory's Tevatron Collider near Chicago have been trying to answer the question of why is there matter in the universe and not its opposite, antimatter? It is part of a collaboration involving over 500 physicists called the DZero Experiment. One of the scientists is Dr. Wendy Taylor, a Canada Research Chair in Experimental Particle Physics and an Associate Professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at York University in Toronto. She and her colleagues have come up with an important new clue that helps explain why enough matter survived after the Big Bang to allow for the existence of the galaxies, planets and ultimately people.

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Related Links 

external site - links will open in a new windowPaper at arXiv
external site - links will open in a new windowNews release from York University
external site - links will open in a new windowNews release from FermiLab
external site - links will open in a new windowThe DZero Experiment 
external site - links will open in a new windowDr. Taylor's web page

What's Shakin' Kermit?
Frog model, courtsy M.S. Caldwell


Dr. Michael Caldwell set out to answer an important question: What is that frog doing with its butt? Dr. Caldwell studies the red-eyed tree frog, which perches on stems and small branches, calling hopefully to females. But when competing males approach, the male shakes his tail end. Since all this happens in the dark, it wasn't clear to Dr. Caldwell that this was a visual signal. So, with the help of accelerometers to detect movement and a "robo-frog" to imitate the butt-shaking, Dr. Caldwell discovered that the frogs weren't just shaking their booties. In fact, they were shaking the plants they were on, in order to send intimidating vibratory messages to competing males.

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Related Links 
external site - links will open in a new windowPaper in Current Biology
external site - links will open in a new windowStory at ScienceNow
external site - links will open in a new windowNot Exactly Rocket Science blog


Termites Rule

The Fermilab accelerator complex, Credit: Fermilab The green grass of a termite mound in Kenya. Dr. Todd Palmer
The termite of the African savanna is not the pest it was once thought to be. In fact, biologists like Dr. Todd Palmer from the University of Florida in Gainesville feel that termites, like the ones he studied in Kenya, play a vital role in building ecosystems. They  live in mounds that are 10 to 30 metres in diameter and are mostly below ground. Their cycle of eating decayed material and then defecating  adds phosphorous and nitrogen to the mostly clay soil. Also, the termites' network of tunnels help with both soil aeration and irrigation. The result is that the mounds become fertile patches that promote vegetation. The vegetation attract a variety of insects, as well as lizards and larger animals, including zebras. Satellite images of the individual mounds indicate a checkerboard pattern of termite mounds, built 60 to 100 metres apart to avoid competition and maximize growth.

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Related Links 
external site - links will open in a new windowPaper in the PLoS Biology
external site - links will open in a new windowNews Release from the University of Florida
external site - links will open in a new windowDr. Palmer's web page
external site - links will open in a new windowThe Palmer Lab
external site - links will open in a new windowCBC News story

The Eerie Silence

This year marks the 50th anniversary of the establishment of an international research program known as SETI - the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence. And so far, they've discovered - nothing. Not a beep, not a sound, not a tweet. Absolutely nothing. So does that mean that there is no intelligent life elsewhere in the universe? Or have we just been looking in the wrong places, using the wrong tools, and making some bad assumptions about alien intelligence? Those are the questions that Dr. Paul Davies poses in his new book, The Eerie Silence: Renewing our Search for Alien Intelligence. Dr. Davies is a cosmologist and astrobiologist, and Director of the Beyond Center for Fundamental Concepts in Science at Arizona Sate University. 

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Related Links 
external site - links will open in a new windowThe Eerie Silence - Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
external site - links will open in a new windowBeyond Center at Arizona State University
external site - links will open in a new windowDr. Davies web page
external site - links will open in a new windowSETI Institute
external site - links will open in a new windowQuirks panel: What If ET Calls Us


Theme music bed copyright Raphaël Gluckstein. 
Creative Commons License by-nc-nd-2.0
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Saturday May 22, 2010

Synthetic Cell, Greenland Rising, Adapted for Altitude, Monkeys Munch on a Locust Lunch, Do Fish Feel Pain?

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Synthetic Cell

may22-2010-syn_cells.jpg Synthetic cells dividing, electron micrograph by Tom Deerinck and Mark Ellisman of the National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research at the UCSD.
This week scientists from the J Craig Venter Institute announced they'd created what they call the world's first synthetic cell. It's a huge step in the development of the field of synthetic biology - the attempt to create living organisms from scratch. They took the complete genetic sequence of a simple bacterium and duplicated it, chemically building the DNA one step at a time. They then inserted their newly sythnesized chromosome into the cells of a different species of bacteria, replacing the original DNA. These cells then "rebooted", and transformed themselves according to the instructions in their new genome. Dr. John Glass, a researcher at the J Craig Venter Institute in Rockville, Maryland, says this is an important step in understanding how to take synthesized DNA and turn it into a living organism. The next step is to do this with DNA not simply copied from another organism, but one actually designed in the lab.

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Related Links
external site - links will open in a new windowPaper in Science
external site - links will open in a new windowNews report from Science
external site - links will open in a new windowResearch Overview from JCVI
external site - links will open in a new window80 Beats blog
external site - links will open in a new windowArs Technica article
external site - links will open in a new windowCBC News story
external site - links will open in a new windowScientists' comments on the work in Nature

Greenland Rising

may22-2010-greenland_rising.jpg A satellite image of western Greenland from NASA's MODIS satellite.
The fact that Greenland's ice cap is melting is not a surprise to scientists like Dr. Tim Dixon, a Canadian professor of Geophysics at the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. What is surprising is the rate at which the land is actually rising. The dense ice cap, which is up to 2 kilometres thick, presses the land beneath it down and lowers its elevation. As the ice melts around the edges of the glacier in coastal areas of Greenland, the land rises by at least one millimetre per year. This rate of this rise has been accelerating since it began in the mid 1990's and could double by 2025.

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Related Links

external site - links will open in a new windowPaper in Nature Geoscience
external site - links will open in a new windowNews release from University of Miami
external site - links will open in a new windowDr. Dixon's web page
external site - links will open in a new windowCBC News story

Adapted for Altitude

may22-2010-everest.jpg Mount Everest - in thin air, Lance Trumball - EverestPeaceProject.org
The people of the Tibetan plateau live 4000m above sea level, an altitude whose thin air presents dire challenges to lowlanders. Altitude sickness can be very serious - even fatal - and is associated with a whole range of physiological symptoms. However, the people of the Tibetan plateau are known to be resistant to altitude sickness, and seem to have quite different physiological response to the thin air of their homeland. A team led by Tatum Simonson, a graduate student in the department of Human Genetics at the University of Utah, has found that these different physiological responses seem to be connected to variations in genes that appeared and spread in the people of the plateau. Among the genetic differences that they think are important are changes in the genes that regulate hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in the blood.

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Related Links
external site - links will open in a new windowPaper in Science
external site - links will open in a new windowNews from University of Utah
external site - links will open in a new windowGene Expression blog

Monkeys Munch on a Locust Lunch

may22-2010-gelada_locust.jpg Gelada feeding on a locust - courtesy P. Fashing
Dr. Peter Fashing, an anthropologist from California State University, Fullerton, has been studying Gelada monkeys in the Ethiopian highlands for many years. These baboon-like monkeys are unique in the primate world, in that they mostly live on grass, grazing in large groups of up to several hundred animals on the vegetation of their alpine home. That made the event Dr. Fashing witnessed during his last visit that much stranger. A swarm of desert locusts swept up into the mountains - an event never seen before - as the locusts don't tolerate the cold tempeartures very well. The monkeys were intially startled, but then these normally vegetarian animals turned on the locusts and began chasing and eating them, in what Dr. Fashing called a "feeding frenzy."

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Related Links
external site - links will open in a new windowPaper in the journal Primates
external site - links will open in a new windowDr. Fashing's web site
external site - links will open in a new windowBBC Earth News story (with video)
external site - links will open in a new windowGelada Research Project

Do Fish Feel Pain?

may22-2010-fish_pain.jpg
There is a perception that fish have simple brains and are incapable of feelings. This has somehow made them different from birds and mammals when it comes to our concerns for their welfare. But new research by Dr. Victoria Braithwaite, Associate Director of the Penn State Institute of the Neurosciences and a Professor of Fisheries and Biology, has resulted in evidence that suggests fish are more intelligent than previously thought and their behaviour more complex. In her new book, Do Fish Feel Pain?, she discusses what she has discovered about the capacity of fish to experience pain and suffering. Because we interact with fish in so many ways, she contends we should balance their welfare with the many ways they provide us with benefits.

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Related Links
external site - links will open in a new windowDo Fish Feel Pain? - Oxford University Press
external site - links will open in a new windowDr. Braithwaite's general web page
external site - links will open in a new windowThe Braithwaite Lab at Penn State

Theme music bed copyright Raphaël Gluckstein.
Creative Commons License by-nc-nd-2.0

Saturday May 15, 2010

Losing Lizards, Archaeopteryx X-Ray, Chronic Wasting Disease, There's no There, There, Adventures Among Ants

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Losing Lizards

may15-2010-common_lizard.jpg European common lizard - less common these days - copyright cc-by-sa-3.0, Marek Szczepanek
When you think of animals that might be threatened by climate change, you probably think of polar bears and penguins. You probably don't think of lizards, but it seems you should. Several years ago, Dr. Barry Sinervo, a professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, began to notice declines and local extinctions in the lizard populations he and his colleagues were studying in Mexico and Europe. These animals weren't being challenged by habitat loss or other disturbances. They then performed experiments in the Yucatan to try to determine the cause. Their conclusion was that warming temperatures were responsible for the declines they were seeing. In the critical spring breeding season, the reptiles were becoming overheated, forcing them to retreat into the shade, and preventing them from foraging for food and searching for mates. By what they've seen so far, and anticipating future climate warming, they're now concerned that up to 20% of the world's lizard species could disappear by 2080.

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Related Links
external site - links will open in a new windowPaper in Science
external site - links will open in a new windowNews from UCSC
external site - links will open in a new windowScienceNow article
external site - links will open in a new windowDr Sinervo's lab

Archaeopteryx X-Ray

may15-2010-archaeopteryx.jpg detailed skull photograph of the Thermopolis Archaeopteryx (Photo by Pete Larson)
Researchers have shed new light on a 150-million-year-old fossil. It has long been thought that the half dinosaur-half bird Archaeopteryx fossil contained nothing but bone and rock. But when Dr. Phil Manning, a paleontologist from the University of Manchester, and a team from the U.S. Department of Energy's National Accelerator Laboratory, exposed the fossil to the bright x-ray beam of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Archaeopteryx gave up its never- before-seen chemical history. Two of the chemical elements identified - phosphorous and sulfur - indicate actual fossilized feathers, and not just impressions in the rock, as previously thought. Use of the synchrotron will change how paleontologists look at existing fossils and the way future excavations are conducted.

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Related Links

external site - links will open in a new windowPaper in PNAS
external site - links will open in a new windowNews release from SLAC
external site - links will open in a new windowDr. Manning's web page
external site - links will open in a new windowStory on 80beats Blog in Discover magazine

Chronic Wasting Disease

may15-2010-wasted_deer.jpg Deer infected with CWD
A team of researchers, including Dr. Deborah McKenzie, a biologist from the University of Alberta's Centre For Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, have identified two prevalent strains of the deadly Chronic Wasting Disease. CWD is a neurological disease that affects deer, elk and moose. It is unusual because it is not caused by a virus or bacteria; it is caused by prions - abnormally shaped cellular proteins found in the central nervous system and lymphoid tissue. It is related to BSE or Mad Cow Disease, but is more contagious. It spreads from animal to animal very quickly through saliva and from eating grass growing in contaminated soil. Symptoms include muscle loss, loss of bodily functions, drooling and erratic behaviour. In Canada, CWD is found in Saskatchewan and Alberta. It is also present in pockets throughout the United States.

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Related Links
external site - links will open in a new windowPaper in Science
external site - links will open in a new windowDr. McKenzie's web page
external site - links will open in a new windowChronic Wasting Disease Alliance
external site - links will open in a new windowGovt of Alberta web page on CWD

There's no There, There

may15-2010-space_hole.jpg Whole lotta nothing - ESA/NASA/JPL-Caltech/STScI/Univ. of Toledo
Astronomers have rarely been so surprised by nothing before. Examining early images from the Herschel Space Telescope, the European Space Agency's new high-resolution infrared telescope, astronomers saw something strange. According to Dr. Tom Megeath, a professor of physics and astronomy from the University of Toledo, and the Principal Investigator for the Herschel Orion Protostar Survey, they saw a large dark patch in a star-forming region. This dark patch had been seen before by other instruments, but was thought to be a dense and opaque cloud of gas and dust - more material for forming stars. Herschel showed it to be something else - a hole in space. Dr. Megeath and his colleagues think that jets from new stars forming near this hole blasted away material and created the hole, which they think gives insight into how the process of star formation in these dense clouds might end.

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Related Links
external site - links will open in a new windowAnnouncement from the European Space Agency
external site - links will open in a new windowHerschel Space Telescope
external site - links will open in a new windowDr. Megeath's home page


Adventures Among Ants

may15-2010-aaants.jpg
Dr. Mark Moffett is a throwback to the days when naturalists were explorers, adventurers and perhaps a little reckless. Since the early days of his career, he's chased ants of every species in nearly every corner of the world. He can tell you in great detail what it's like to be bitten by army ants, swarmed by marauder ants, and stung by just about every species of ant out there that has a stinger. This is just the price he's paid to get up close and personal with these fascinating insects and to understand the remarkable range of behaviours they've adopted. In his new book, Adventures Among Ants - A Global Safari With a Cast of Trillions, he recounts many of his adventures and tells the stories of the ants he's known.

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Related Links
external site - links will open in a new windowAdventures Among Ants - Book and Blog
external site - links will open in a new windowDr. Moffett's general web page

Theme music bed copyright Raphaël Gluckstein.
Creative Commons License by-nc-nd-2.0