Bonavista town clerk David Hiscock is frustrated. He says he has consulted with experts about the possible long-term effects of trihalomethanes, or THMs, in the local water supply.

He says he feels he is getting mixed messages.

"Why on the one hand do they say it may never cause a problem, why on the other hand would they come out and have parameters set and do the testing and tell you that you're over the [THM] limit?” Hiscock told CBC News.

“So you're frustrated and confused."

Bonavista is not the only town in the province dealing with levels of THMs and HAAs, byproducts of chlorination, that exceed federal guidelines.

In fact, over the past 13 years, the number of Newfoundland and Labrador communities with high levels of THMs in their drinking water has nearly doubled.

And more than 160 water supplies in the province currently exceed HAA guidelines.

Despite the rise in affected communities, the provincial government insists high chlorination byproduct levels are better than the alternative — problems caused by a lack of chlorination in water supplies.

And cost is an issue in finding a more permanent fix for the problem in many areas.

Issue 1st hit the headlines in 1999

The issue became widely known in 1999, after CBC News filed an access-to-information request for the levels of THMs in water systems across the province.

In 2000, then Environment Minister Oliver Langdon finally released that information, revealing that 68 public water supplies in 63 communities had levels of THMs that were above Health Canada guidelines.

Environment Minister Tom Hedderson says the government believes it would take a lifetime of exposure to THMs to make a significant difference to residents' health. (CBC)

The provincial government now posts its quarterly water reports online.

In the latest report, the number of water supplies with high THM levels has nearly doubled, to 128. In total, 119 communities are affected.

Health Canada's Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality state THM levels should not exceed 100 micrograms per litre.

The issue is more strictly enforced south of the border, with regulations in place rather than guidelines.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency's Safe Drinking Water Act says levels cannot exceed 80 micrograms per litre.

In Newfoundland and Labrador, there are towns with levels that are up to five times higher than Health Canada's guidelines suggest.

Risks involved

The provincial government uses chlorine to ensure that tap water is safe to drink, killing possible disease-causing bacteria like salmonella and E. coli, and other microbes.

But problems with chlorination arise when used on surface water supplies, like ponds and rivers. Those bodies of water can collect organic material, like dead leaves and animal waste, and when that matter comes into contact with chlorine, it can react to produce disinfection byproducts.

There are now nearly twice as many municipalities in Newfoundland and Labrador with THM levels above Health Canada guidelines now than there were a dozen years ago. (CBC)

The most common form of disinfection byproducts are THMs, which includes chloroform, a possible carcinogen.

Health Canada's website states that there are risks involved when chlorinating water.

Several studies on humans have found a link between long-term exposure to high levels of THMs and a higher risk of bladder and colon cancers. Health Canada reports that high levels of THMs have also been linked to a possible increase in miscarriages and stillbirths.

But Health Canada says further research is necessary to confirm these potential health risks.

Residents don't have to directly drink the water to be possibly affected by these disinfection byproducts. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website, those who take hot showers or baths face more exposure to THMs through skin contact and inhalation than through drinking water.

Benefits outweigh risks, officials say

Health Canada and the provincial government both say that the benefits of chlorination outweigh the possible risks associated with THMs.

"We are making sure we're addressing the most immediate danger to [residents], which is to make sure that there is nothing in the water that's going to make them sick," Environment Minister Tom Hedderson said.

'We are making sure we're addressing the most immediate danger to [residents], which is to make sure that there is nothing in the water that's going to make them sick.'—Environment Minister Tom Hedderson

"We believe that it would take a lifetime of exposure to THMs to make some significant differences to your health."

Hedderson acknowledges the province is responsible for water testing, but says it's up to the towns to relay information about THMs in local water supplies to the public.

"If an anomaly comes up with regard to any risk to the residents, we would jump on that immediately," he said.

"But with THMs, that's a long-term one, so naturally, when we release our results, that would go back to the municipalities, and it's up to them then... to put an advisory out that says, 'Here's the state of your water.' "

High levels surprise some residents

Many residents in Pouch Cove aren't thrilled with the quality of their local water. Some say it's not fit to drink.

"It's very bad," said Noelle Tobin. "We don't drink it, we don't wash in it, we don't cook in it, we hate to bathe in it."

She says the water from her taps looks like steeped tea, and when it's used for cooking, it turns salt meat black.

Like many residents, Vern Noseworthy gets his water elsewhere.

"The big majority of people from Pouch Cove get their water from the Lions Club. Some do like me: go to a relative or good friend and use the artesian well," he said.

Tobin says she takes a trip to the Lions Club every two to three days to use their well water. She fills up two five-gallon bottles with water during each visit.

But while the colour and sometimes chlorinated taste might be a turn off, it's what residents can't see that might be an even bigger concern.

In Pouch Cove, the current THM level in the province's latest report is 339.25 — more than three times higher than the national standard.

Tobin was shocked to hear this news.

"You don't know what you're drinking, and it's ridiculous," she said.

"In 2013, you should have clean drinking water. We're surrounded by water. You should be able to have clean drinking water without chemicals."

Some residents in Bonavista are more aware of the situation.

Bonavista resident Elizabeth Zemdegs is concerned about the quality of water in the town. (CBC)

Elizabeth Zemdegs has gone over the figures in her town's water reports — Bonavista currently sits at 265.75. She says there's not a lot of information available about what that number means.

"People are very scared, because they know something's wrong," she said.

"You can buy four litres of water, and that doesn't take you very much through the day. And they're very upset about it, because it's been going on for a long, long time. And no one's giving them answers."

Action required, foundation believes

John Werring, the senior science and policy advisor with the David Suzuki Foundation, says the government should have done something about this issue a long time ago.

"If the government has known for over a decade of these high levels, and we know of the potential health effects to humans, I think the concern that people have should be is, 'Why isn't government acting?'

“And the longer that action is delayed, the more possibility [that] more and more people will get sick."

Werring says there are other options out there — it's not a choice of using chlorine and getting high THM levels, or not using chlorine and getting cholera.

John Werring of the David Suzuki Foundation says the government should take immediate action on the water issue. (CBC)

"It's not a problem that can't be dealt with, and it's not just specifically because we're chlorinating the water. There's nothing wrong with chlorinating water; it actually makes a lot of sense, because it does kill a lot of organisms and bacteria that could affect humans as well. But on top of that, there are ways to deal with this, there are technological fixes," he said.

"Unfortunately, they cost money."

Town officials in Pouch Cove say more can be done to improve their water system, but extra money is needed to do it.

With money in short supply, there are no immediate plans in the works.

It's a fact that most Pouch Cove residents like Vern Noseworthy are aware of.

"Well, it would be really nice if you could just turn on your tap and use your water, but a small community like Pouch Cove cannot afford a big filtration system," he said.

And towns like Bonavista have discovered that those prices are astronomical.

"The figures that we've been given, it's going to cost us $12-million to put in a suitable water treatment plant, and it's going to cost in excess of $500,000 a year to operate it," town clerk David Hiscock said.

"So we can't even afford the capital costs."

Individual solutions available

Meanwhile, the environment minister says there are things that residents can do if they're concerned about the levels in their respective areas.

"If you are in a community where there are any levels of THMs, you can put a filter system on your home water," Hedderson said.

Hedderson says residents can also purchase personal water filtration systems, in the form of a jug with charcoal filters, that are designated to remove THMs. ("NSF Standard 53" should be on the label).

"As long as the filter is certified for THMs, you can be assured that your drinking water is relatively free of them," he said.

To ensure the filters work properly, residents need to follow the directions and change the filters as required.