A little physics with your football
- November 23, 2007 4:10 PM |
- By Quirks
The gyroscopically-stabilized lifting body, spiraling through the air, is stopped by high-friction material on the inside of a glove. A massive body begins propelling itself down the field at high speed until a second body, traveling on another vector, collides with an impact force of more than 700 newtons.
The point of impact is below the centre of mass of the first body, causing it to rotate about that point, changing its orientation from vertical to horizontal. The momentum of the combined masses carries the two bodies on a ballistic curve towards the ground, where friction with artificial turf changes their kinetic energy into heat, bringing the entire system to rest. First down.
Since my home team is not in the Grey Cup this weekend, I can still be entertained by watching all the principles of physics playing out on the field. From passes and kicks to runs and tackles, Newton himself would enjoy his famous laws of motion manifesting themselves in such an entertaining way.
When the quarterback throws the ball, his fingers grip the laces to impart a spin for that perfect spiral toss. Any spinning object becomes a gyroscope, which has the tendency to keep itself pointed in the same direction, which, in the case of the football, is pointy end forward.
The shape of the ball cuts through the air more effectively than a sphere, reducing drag from the air, but it also develops a bit of lift, like the wing of an airplane. If the ball is thrown with the point slightly up, called the angle of attack, the air striking the underside of the ball will be forced downward, producing an opposite reaction, lifting the ball up.
At the same time, the air passing over the topside follows the curve of the ball and, thanks to the Bernoulli principle, speeds up, creating low pressure. The combination of higher pressure on the underside and lower pressure above produces the same kind of lift that keeps jumbo jets from falling out of the sky.
The lift produced by a football is far less than an airplane wing, but it does help the ball hang in the air a little longer.
While a football can be thrown farther than a soccer ball, because of its elongated shape, it won’t go as far as a round ball when it’s kicked. Watch a field goal and you will see the football tumbling end over end, which creates a lot of aerodynamic drag. Soccer kicks, on the other hand, seem to fly from one end of the field to the other. Hmm, I guess that’s why round balls are more appropriate for a game played with the feet rather than hands.
Tackling is a great demonstration of a transfer of momentum between two moving bodies. Every object has a point called the centre of mass, sometimes called the centre of gravity. Watch a tumbling gymnast, high diver or acrobat on a trampoline and you will see that their body always rotates around a point just below the rib cage. That point follows the laws of motion, while the rest of the system orbits around it. If you want to bring down a runner, hit above or below that centre of mass and the body will rotate around like a propeller around the hub. So the most successful tackles are either high or low on the body. Hit a runner in the middle and you might change their direction, but they could remain upright and get away.
Finally, there is the equipment designed to reduce the force of impact when large men run into each other. The amount of force produced by a collision depends on three elements: mass, speed and time. The shorter the time of an impact, or the less time it takes to come to a stop, the greater the force.
If your head stops too quickly, your brain continues like a crash test dummy inside your head and hits the inside of your skull. The result is a concussion. Helmets and shoulder pads provide cushioning, which extends that collision time just enough to reduce the force of the impact.
Of course, European and Australian rugby players who butt bare heads together laugh at the padded equipment used in North American football, but frankly, I’d prefer to have an intact brain.
Then there is the piece of equipment that has more to do with biology than physics, the tight spandex pants. They’re supposed to make it more difficult for an opponent to grab onto, but they’re really meant to show off all those tight butts.
Enjoy the game, whatever you see.
— Bob McDonald
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Comments (6)
If you use your head like a battering ram , then protection is required. But if you play rugby you
you use your shoulder, and live to play again.
Padding only serves to increase the risk to the spnal colunm
Hi Bob,
Interesting examples of physics. It reminds me of the old days of Q&Q when Jearl Walker would discuss physics of everyday life. It might be interesting to have a semi-regular segment like that again on Q&Q ...
Just a thought...
Thanks,
Bill Wall
Your blog has an interesting transition....you start out sounding like my physics teacher and end on a note sounding like the gals in my carpool...oooweee! I am surprised that with your love of space Mr. McDonald, you didn’t give us the perspective of the alien watching this game of games. Could we add one more scientific perspective to this national pastime? After all, what could be more quirky science than that?
...a spacecraft surreptitiously hovers then slips through a crack, spinning into a parking position beside one of the overkill-owatted stadium lights. Curious aliens peer out of their windows to see below a gathering of human figures, gold and green, with others clearly marked in black and white stripes. They are all milling about an open green area surrounded by what appears to be a very deep and high fortress. The figures create patterns that morph in time to a piercing noise in the air emanating from the striped humans that vaguely remind the aliens of the black and white striped four stick animals, last viewed roaming on the plains of a darker land mass across the planet's watery expanse.
The other human figures on this green plain resemble visitors that the aliens recall seeing a few times on the satellite of Planet Earth. The ones here still have the large round glossy heads, but the aliens note they have changed around the bottom section. The lower half of the form seems to have shrunk, leaving only a divided bulb in the back with two very thin sticks below moving along the ground. The front of the split bulb must be a mechanism for control because the figures are seen frequently placing the end of one of their top sticks firmly on this place. They hoist it up, causing the shoulder portion to raise, and then the bottom sticks seem to move faster. The movement is repeated regularly, especially after those guarding the fortress break out into raucous noise. Perhaps it is just a gesturing of dominance, control of a different kind.
This entire passage of time, muse the aliens, must be a ritual of some sort by the Earthlings. They move into what appears to be lines of combat within this enclosed pasture. The moving figures are confined by the sloping fence that totally encircles the area, and is encased with many other humans who make surging guttural noises in keeping with the rhythmic movements of the lines on the pasture. These fence sitters seem to become particularly agitated when figures in one colour or the other break free of the pattern, and do not stay as part of the lines.
Looking around the acres and acres of barren wasteland within which the fenced pasture is located, it is clear this must be a competition for food. No wonder these striped figures have come here...they must have come looking for pasture, and their wailing whistle is most likely over the fact that these other gold and green figures are trying to take over the food source. They constantly kneel and fall face first on the ground, obviously looking at the quality of the grazing area. Could this all be some war for the last remaining green space that the humans so desperately crave, the green space which they have systematically destroyed with their living methods?
But wait, what is that? A small brown form --- is it a poor representation of the aliens’ very own ship?? Could it be that the humans are battling over ownership of this small, misshapen spaceship model? They seem to test its airworthiness, and practice propelling it with their top sticks and sometimes their bottom sticks. One group tests the model’s ability to fly, and if they fail to get it to fly far, they all run and attempt to take possession of it, falling on one another, struggling until the striped humans pierce the air with their sound, giving the retrieved brown form to a chosen one to try again. While observing the fighting for control of it, the ineffectiveness of the plan is obvious.
At this realization the aliens chuckle in their alien way. As if it weren’t pathetic enough that these Earthlings have destroyed their habitat until this one small rectangle of green is all that is left of their foraging grounds amidst the concrete jungle. Now they think they have discovered the mystery of the flying ship. Yet they still cannot all work as a team, but instead smash themselves into each other battling for possession of the supposed working model.
The aliens tire of the confusing spectacle, and prepare to leave. Then, as he sprang to the play, the striped one gave a whistle. At that, the aliens flew like a missile. But the humans heard them exclaim as they flew out of sight, ‘” It’s PHYSIQUES not PHYSICS Bob that make their pants so darned tight!!”
Kate
Hi Bob,
Enjoy your program, very interesting. Love the way you explain things that I can understand. I have a question and don't know if you answer questions on this blog.
My daughter lives on Lake Scugog east of Port Perry. Last night (Sunday) she saw what looked like green explosions in the sky and thought it was something serious happening in Port Perry. She learned this morning that it had been lightning lighting up the whole sky. Is this a common phenomenon in this kind of weather? Thanks. Ruth Pellis
Actually, many rugby players do wear (soft) helmets... but that's to make sure their ears don't get ripped off but the studs on other players' boots during tackles.
your talents appear to be in manifesting perpetual energy gyroscopically. Give it some thought.