Asian carp, which are threatening the Great Lakes, are one target of the U.S. government's cleanup plan for the lakes. (Manuel Balce Ceneta/Associated Press)

The Obama administration has developed a five-year blueprint for rescuing the Great Lakes, a sprawling ecosystem plagued by toxic contamination, shrinking wildlife habitat and invasive species.

The plan envisions spending more than $2.2 billion US for long-awaited repairs after a century of damage to the lakes, which hold 20 per cent of the world's fresh water.

The Associated Press obtained a copy of the document, which Lisa Jackson, head of the Environmental Protection Agency, was releasing.

"We're committed to creating a new standard of care that will leave the Great Lakes better for the next generation," Jackson said in a statement.

Zero tolerance for invasive species

Among the goals is a "zero tolerance policy" toward future invasions by foreign species, including the Asian carp, a huge, ravenous fish that has overrun portions of the Mississippi River system and is threatening to enter Lake Michigan.

Others include cleanup of the region's most heavily polluted sites, restoring wetlands and other crucial habitat, and improving water quality in shallow areas, where runoff from cities and farms has led to unsightly algae blooms and beach closings.

Also promised is a strategy for monitoring the ecosystem's health and holding federal agencies accountable for carrying out the plan.

During his 2008 campaign, Barack Obama pledged $5 billion US over a decade toward fulfilling a Great Lakes cleanup wish list developed by a coalition of agencies, scientists and activists.

Congress last year approved his request for a first instalment of $475 million US. The newly released plan assumes yearly appropriations of the same amount through 2014, except for the $300 million US Obama requested this month in his 2011 budget.

The 41-page plan sets out ecological targets and specific actions to be taken by 16 federal agencies working with state, local and tribal governments and private groups. The role for Canada, which shares jurisdiction over the lakes, is not clear.

Among the goals it seeks by 2014:

• Finishing work at five toxic hot spots that have languished on cleanup lists for two decades.
• A 40 per cent reduction in the rate at which invasive species are discovered in the lakes.
• Measurable decreases in phosphorus run-off.
• Protection of nearly 40,500 hectares of wetlands.

It also will help save species such as the lake sturgeon, a prehistoric fish that can reach over two metres and 100 kilograms but is endangered because of overharvesting and habitat degradation.

The plan promises to provide 25,000 young sturgeon for stocking programs.

Safety the target

Combined with enforcement of environmental rules and new ones where needed, officials said the plan would help make Great Lakes fish safe to eat, their waters suitable for drinking and swimming, and their native plants and animals thriving.

The lakes provide drinking water to more than 30 million people and are the backbone of a regional economy dependent on tourism, outdoor recreation, shipping and manufacturing.

"We now have a golden opportunity, even a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, to make huge progress," Wisconsin Gov. Jim Doyle, co-chairman of the Council of Great Lakes Governors, said in a telephone interview Saturday.

"We've been talking about this for a long time. Now the federal government is putting some real resources behind it."

Jeff Skelding, director of the Healing Our Waters-Great Lakes Coalition, which represents environmental groups across the region, praised the plan's commitment to long-range funding for the restoration but said Congress should boost Obama's 2011 spending request to $475 million US.

Fighting carp too costly

The coalition also says too much restoration money is being diverted to fighting Asian carp, which could endanger the region's $7-billion US sport fishing industry by gobbling plankton and unravelling the food chain.

An "all-out effort" is needed to keep the carp out of the lakes, but funding should come from elsewhere in the federal budget, the coalition said.

Cameron Davis, EPA's senior adviser on the Great Lakes, said about $58 million US in restoration funds would go to the carp battle this year. But invasive species programs are getting less restoration money than other needs such as toxic cleanups and habitat improvements, he said.